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Volume XVII, Fall, Issue 3(77), 2022
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In this article we analyze the determinants and the export trend of European countries of medium and high technology products. The data were analyzed using various econometric models, namely WLS, Pooled OLS, Dynamic Panel, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects. The results show that exports of medium and high-tech products are positively associated, among other variables, with the value of “Average Annual GDP Growth”, “Total Entrepreneurial Activity” and “Sales Impacts”, and negatively associated with, among other variables, “Human Resources”, “Government and Procurement of Advanced Technology Products” and “Buyer Sophistication”.
A cluster analysis was realized with the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette coefficient. The result showed the presence of only two clusters. Since this result was considered poorly representative of the industrial complexity of the European Union countries, a further analysis was carried out with the Elbow method. The result showed the presence of 6 clusters with the dominance of Germany and the economies connected to the German economy. In addition, a network analysis was carried out using the distance to Manhattan. Four complex network structures and two simplified network structures were detected. A comparison was then made between 10 machine learning algorithms for predicting the value of exports of medium and high-tech products. The result shows that the best performing algorithm is the SGD. An analysis with Augmented Data-AD was implemented with a comparison between 10 machine learning algorithms for prediction and the result shows that the Linear Regression algorithm is the best predictor. The prediction with the Augmented Data-AD allows to reduce the MAE by about 0.0022131 compared to the prediction with the Original Data-OD.
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This article aims, through research methods such as quantitative and qualitative analysis (empirical and descriptive), as well as comparison and interpretation, to highlight the composition and trends in the EU labor market between 2010-2020, given the link and mutual conditioning between socio-economic phenomena and the labor market, as part of the realities and trends of European social policy. Thus, the aim was to identify the differences between the Member States of the European Union, but also compared to the EU average, by analyzing the performance and the degree of fulfillment of the indicators pre-established by public policies, as specific objectives of social policy, aiming to ensure an adequate and non-discriminatory framework so that all citizens have equal access to resources and opportunities.
In order to present the trend in the evolution of employment, we analyzed the indicators regarding the active population, activity rates, employment rate, employed population, unemployment, unemployment rate, inactive population, but also the Job vacancy rate (annual average). Last but not least, we analyzed a delicate issue at the level of some member states of the European Union, highlighting both shortcomings in the transition from the education system to the labor market, as well as shortcomings in terms of employment of a category of population, namely NEET rate.
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According to the axiomatic foundations of social choice theory, not all decisions benefit everyone. Often, decisions that do not have any implied benefit for the decision maker are made in the (best) interests of others. When a decision is made concerning welfare of others, some individuals - including the decision maker, may be on the receiving end. For, it is impossible to make social decisions by taking into account individual preferences that satisfy all and everyone. This is because of a great variety in individual choices and preferences ubiquitous among different individuals. Tastes vary among different people—so does individual preferences, and that is natural. Conflict of interests arises due to subtle variances in individual preferences. In this paper, we discuss about the decision choice that seldom works for every conceivable set of individual preferences. Following Arrovian precepts, it is impossible to satisfy all, for there remains a great diversity in individual preferences that result in the problem of choice. Hence, in this research, we develop a taste-based theory of social choice that attempts to address the problem of choice by helping individuals choose the best and the most effective and optimal option among a given set of alternatives that’s assumed to be rational.
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Prior to COVID-19, travel and tourism had grown to be one of the most significant sectors in the global economy, accounting for 10% of global GDP and more than 320 million employments globally. The worldwide epidemic, the first of its kind in a new era of interconnection, has threatened 100 million jobs, many of them in micro, small, and medium-sized businesses that employ a large proportion of women, who make up 54 percent of the tourist sector. Tourism-dependent countries are likely to bear the brunt of the crisis's consequences for far longer than other economies. Contact-intensive services critical to the tourist and travel industries have been disproportionately impacted by the epidemic and will continue to struggle until people feel comfortable enough to travel in large numbers again.
The aim of the paper is the assessment of the situation of travel and tourism in the USA in the light of COVID-19 pandemic. The following research problems were put forward: What is the diversification of situation of the tourism in the USA in the light of COVID-19? Which of the researched aspects of tourism in the USA in the light of COVID-19 have the highest and lowest level in the researched time scope? In the theoretical part of the paper was depicted the literature review. The studies were carried out within the documentation, statistical, comparative, dynamics analysis. The results showed that the situation of travel and tourism in the USA in the light of COVID-19 had different tendencies. The inference process took place in a deductive way.
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This research paper is an attempt to demonstrate the significant role of the health economics in the development and strengthening of the health care system. Health economics using general economy theories related to individual goods and markets of medical services can provide valuable clues for the analysis of health systems, taking into account their organizational and functional structure. In recent years, health economics it has become one of the most important economy industries due to increasing health costs that have mainly caused state budget deficits.
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Using the Nigerian enterprise survey data, this paper examines whether there is a gender dimension in the capacity of informal firms to contribute to tax revenues, a more specific question asked is whether tax rates and female gender ownership effects informality. Gender categorization of the firm’s ownership shows an overwhelming dominance of men holding over women, with a favorable ratio of 6:1 of the total sample. The results of the investigation on firms owned by females revealed that they are more likely to remain in the informal sector. By using the cross-sectional logit regression approach, we found no statistical significance between tax rates and a firm’s propensity to join the informal sector. It explains a typical scenario where the tax rates mechanism has failed to transmit effectively. Finally, we attained a divergent policy indication that suggests tax compliance enforcement and incentivizing female firms’ owners, among other measures.
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In information economics, any piece of information is assumed to have the same value across people, even if the information is distributed asymmetrically. However, in actuality, information has different values across people, even if it is distributed equally, because people utilize the same information differently and reach different conclusions with it. In this paper, I construct a model of heterogeneous information utilization by introducing the concept of ranked information. I conclude that the effects of asymmetric information and ranked information on economic activities are essentially equivalent. However, there are still some differences between them, and ranked information will be more economically important than asymmetric information. Furthermore, ranked information can cause an extreme economic inequality.
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Although the fusion energy sector is at a nascent stage, the private fusion energy market has grown. There are currently 38 private fusion energy companies around the world aiming to commercialize fusion energy technologies in early 2030s and 2040s. Given the capability of fusion energy in transforming today’s energy paradigm and the global character of the market, it is important to analyze how these companies are interacting with international human rights standards.
Therefore, this work investigates the involvement of the private fusion energy sector with two voluntary international initiatives in particular: the UN Global Compact and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP). This study attempts to answer two research questions: (i) Are private fusion energy companies participating in the UN Global Compact? (ii) How are private fusion energy companies publicly implementing the UNGP? Content analysis of secondary data collected from the UN Global Compact, Fusion Industry Association, ITER and companies’ official websites as well as published reports is adopted. In summary, this work finds that private fusion energy companies are neither participants nor signatories of the UN Global Compact. Their observance of the UNGP is also very poor.
This study contributes to the field by highlighting this gap which the private fusion energy companies need to consider and take measures towards, in order to create a salutary human rights sector.
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Considering the literature which demonstrates the high importance of investment in creating a competitive advantage for the economy and economic growth, an analysis was made of the structure of some elements of gross fixed capital formation in the Polish economy and few selected European countries. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investment, and to attempt in answering to the question of whether the rate of accumulation of fixed capital in Poland is sufficient to close, or reduce the distance of development in relation to highly developed countries.
In Poland, the leader among the sectors which absorb the largest percentage of investments remains expenditures with construction assets, and the smallest expenditure with intellectual property products. Poland is one of the countries with high GDP growth over the years. However, along with GDP growth, a decreasing trend can be seen in the sphere of investment expenditures, which does not allow for the reduction of the development gap. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (GUS and Eurostat) and specialized reports (PARP). The period of analysis covers the years 2004-2020 due to the fact that Poland's accession to the European Union took place in 2004, which allows for accurate international comparisons.
